Identified Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas : Adherence
Flagella
Related genes:fleN;
fleQ;
fleR;
flgC;
flgD;
flgE;
flgF;
flgG;
flgH;
flgI;
flgJ;
flgK;
flgL;
flhA;
flhB;
flhF;
fliC;
fliD;
fliE;
fliF;
fliG;
fliH;
fliI;
fliJ;
fliM;
fliN;
fliO;
fliP;
fliQ;
fliR;
Keywords: Adherence;
Motility;
Functions: Swimming motility Play a role in biofilm formation and other pathogenic adaptations References: Feldman M, et al., 1998. Role of flagella in pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection. Infect. Immun. 66(1):43-51. O'Toole GA, Kolter R, 1998. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Mol. Microbiol. 30(2):295-304. Ciacci-Woolwine F, et al., 1999. Induction of cytokine synthesis by flagella from gram-negative bacteria may be dependent on the activation or differentiation state of human monocytes. Infect. Immun. 67(10):5176-5185. Adamo R, et al., 2004. Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagella activate airway epithelial cells through asialoGM1 and toll-like receptor 2 as well as toll-like receptor 5. Am J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30(5):627-634. Dasgupta N, et al., 2003. A four-tiered transcriptional regulatory circuit controls flagellar biogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol. Microbiol. 50(3):809-824.
LPS
Related genes:waaA;
waaC;
waaF;
waaG;
waaP;
wzy;
wzz;
Keywords: Adherence;
Endotoxin;
Characteristics: Two distinct forms of LPS: A-band and B-band. A-band is a homopolymer of α-linked D-rhamnose, whereas B-band LPS is a heteropolymer Functions: Mediates biological effects including resistance to serum killing and phagocytosis The binding to normal CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) and invasion of host cells may make a contribution to virulence in the human eye Internalization by binding to normal CFTR protein expressed by airway epithelial cells followed by desquamation of bacteria-laden epithelial cells, constitutes a host defense mechanism. If this mechanism fails to function properly, abnormally high bacterial carriage would promote the establishment of chronic bacterial infection Mechanism: Binding interaction occurs between the first extracellular loop of CFTR (predicted to be in amino acids 108-117 of the mature protein) and the complete outer portion of the core polysaccharide of the LPS References: Rocchetta HL, et al., 1999. Genetics of O-antigen biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63(3):523-553. Lyczak JB, et al., 2000. Establishment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: lessons from a versatile opportunist. Microbes Infect. 2(9):1051-1060. Schroeder TH, et al., 2002. CFTR is a pattern recognition molecule that extracts Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS from the outer membrane into epithelial cells and activates NF-κ B translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99(10):6907-6912.
Type IV pili
Related genes:chpA;
chpB;
chpC;
chpD;
chpE;
fimT;
fimU;
fimV;
pilA;
pilB;
pilC;
pilD;
pilE;
pilF;
pilG;
pilH;
pilI;
pilJ;
pilK;
pilM;
pilN;
pilO;
pilP;
pilQ;
pilR;
pilS;
pilT;
pilU;
pilV;
pilW;
pilX;
pilY1;
pilY2;
Keywords: Adherence;
twitching motility;
Characteristics: pilA, B, C, D, E, F, M, N, O, P, Q, T, U, V, W, X, Y1, Y2, Z, and fimT, U. V are involved in the biogenesis and machanical function of pili, pilG, H, I, K, chpA, B, C, D, E, pilS, R, fimS, rpoN, algR, algU, and vfr are involved in transcriptional regulation and chemosensory pathways that control the expression or activity of the twitching motility of the pili Functions: Attaches to host cells, but not to mucin, causing a twitching motility that allows the bacteria to move along the cell surface biofilm formation Mechanism: The C-terminal receptor-binding domain of pilin binds to asialoGM1 gangliosies on host cells. Generally, GM1 gangliosides contain a sialic acid moiety. P.aeruginosa produces a neuraminidase which removes sialic acid residues from the GM1 to form the asialoGM1, which is a better receptor for the pili The asialoGM1 is present in increased abundance on the surface of cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells References: Hahn HP, 1997. The type-4 pilus is the major virulence-associated adhesin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa--a review. Gene 192(1):99-108. O'Toole GA, Kolter R, 1998. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Mol. Microbiol. 30(2):295-304. Comolli JC, et al., 1999. Pili binding to asialo-GM1 on epithelial cells can mediate cytotoxicity or bacterial internalization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect. Immun. 67(7):3207-3214. Keizer DW, et al., 2001. Structure of a pilin monomer from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implications for the assembly of pili. J. Biol. Chem. 276(26):24186-24193. Skerker JM, Berg HC, 2001. Direct observation of extension and retraction of type IV pili. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98(12):6901-6904. Mattick JS, 2002. Type IV pili and twitching motility. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56:289-314. Whitchurch CB, et al., 2004. Characterization of a complex chemosensory signal transduction system which controls twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol. Microbiol. 52(3):873-893.
Bacteria
Swimming motility
Feldman M, et al., 1998. Role of flagella in pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection. 
