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| Aerolysin |
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PDB code: 1PRE. Aerolysin is produced as an inactive precursor, proaerolysin, which contains a C-terminal peptide (CTP) required for folding into its soluble form. Proteolysis in the loop that connects the CTP to the main body allows aerolysin to oligomerize in a heptameric ring-like complex that inserts into the target membrane to form the pore. Proaerolysin is an L-shaped molecule. Domain 1, involved in binding N-linked oligosaccharides. Domain 2, involved in binding the glycan core of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored aerolysin receptors. Domain 3, involved in oligomerization. Domain 4, contains the CTP. ... |
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ALO
(Anthrolysin O) |
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Belongs to cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC). CDCs are pore-forming toxins, which require cholesterol in the membrane to form pores with a mechanism not completely clarified. It is generally known that monomers oligomerize into a prepore complex and that this step is followed by a large conformational change in each oligomer, resulting in the insertion into the membrane. ... |
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CytK
(Cytotoxin K, Haemolysin IV) |
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Belongs to the family of oligomeric β-barrel pore-forming toxins. Haemolytic and cytotoxic activity. ... |
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| alpha-toxin (septicum) |
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Secreted via type II secretion pathway. Secreted as inactive protoxin monomers that bind to GPI-anchored proteins on the target cell. The bound monomers are then cleaved and activated by host cell proteases, allowing them to oligomerize into a heptameric complex and insert to form a 1.6 nm β-barrel pore. ... |
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| beta-toxin (CPB) |
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Beta-toxin is released by C. perfringens types B and C, and is the main lethal factor in type C strains. The protein has a molecular mass of 34 kDa and is highly trypsin-sensitive. ... |
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CPE
(Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin) |
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CPE is a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of approximately 35 kDa, and which can cause food poisoning in humans. ... |
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| epsilon-toxin (ETX) |
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Epsilon toxin is produced by C. perfringens types B and D strains. The secreted protoxin is activated by cleavage of 13 and 29 residues at the N and C termini, respectively, and the activated toxin is extremely potent with a lethal dose of 100 ng kg-1 in mice. Epsilon toxin does not cause the hemolysis of erythrocytes, an activity associated with many other bacterial pore-forming toxins. epsilon toxin targets specific cell types. It is highly specific for Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and synaptic membranes. ... |
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NetB
(Necrotic enteritis toxin B) |
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PFTs can be divided into two classes depending on whether the pore is formed from a β or an α-barrel. β-PFT includes the aerolysin-like β-PFT family and alpha-hemolysin β-PFT family. ... |
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theta-toxin/PFO
(Perfringolysin O) |
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PFO is cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) belonging to the superfamily of β pore-forming toxins. The toxins are produced as soluble monomers that bind to cell membranes via their respective receptors and oligomerize into pore-forming complexes. CDC oligomers are comprised of up to 50 monomers and form an unusually large pore (25-30nm in diameter). ... |
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LLO
(Listeriolysin O) |
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Active at low optimum pH (5.5) and the narrow pH range, so although Listeriolysin O (LLO) is produced by bacteria in both the cytosol (pH 7.0) and the vacuole, LLO activity is restricted to the vacuole compartment. Belongs to the family of cholesterol-dependent, pore-forming toxins(CDTX)(such as streptolysin O (SLO), pneumolysin, perfringolysin) or cholesterol-binding 'thiol-activated' family, means inhibition by oxidation or thiol-reacting compounds and reactivation by thiol-reducing agents, LLO and ivanolysin (the homolog of LLO in L.ivanovii) are the only members produced by an intracellular bacteria. ... |
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